1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
4.5 Period Number
4.6 Block
4.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
4.8 CAS Number
74405867440348
7429905
54386242
5.3 Space Group Name
5.4 Space Group Number
6 Facts
6.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Not Available
6.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Obtained by Treating Radium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
6.3 History
6.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Friedrich Oskar Giesel
6.3.2 Discovery
6.4 Abundance
6.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
8.2.5 Abundance In Meteorites
8.3.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
9.3.2 Abundance In Oceans
9.4.1 Abundance In Humans
10 Uses
10.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Actinium metal has a great source of alpha rays but it is hardly used outside research purpose.
10.1.1 Industrial Uses
10.1.2 Medical Uses
10.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
10.2 Biological Properties
10.2.1 Toxicity
10.2.2 Present in Human Body
10.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
10.4.3 In Bone
11 Physical
11.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C1,227.00 °C
27
3410
11.3 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C3,200.00 °C
147
5660
11.4 Appearance
11.4.1 Physical State
11.4.2 Color
11.4.3 Luster
11.6 Hardness
11.6.1 Mohs Hardness
11.7.4 Brinell Hardness
12.2.3 Vickers Hardness
13.3 Speed of Sound
13.5 Optical Properties
13.5.1 Refractive Index
13.6.4 Reflectivity
13.9 Allotropes
13.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
14 Chemical
14.1 Chemical Formula
14.2 Isotopes
14.2.1 Known Isotopes
14.3 Electronegativity
14.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
15.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
15.4.8 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
15.4.10 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
15.5.5 Allen Electronegativity
15.9 Electropositivity
15.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
15.10 Ionization Energies
15.10.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol499.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
15.10.5 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
15.10.10 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol1,900.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
16.2.6 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol4,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
16.2.11 5th Energy Level
16.2.14 6th Energy Level
16.2.18 7th Energy level
16.3.1 8th Energy Level
17.1.2 9th Energy Level
17.2.2 10th Energy Level
18.1.1 11th Energy Level
18.3.2 12th Energy Level
18.6.4 13th Energy Level
18.6.8 14th Energy Level
18.6.11 15th Energy Level
18.6.15 16th Energy Level
18.6.16 17th Energy Level
18.7.2 18th Energy Level
18.7.6 19th Energy Level
18.7.9 20th Energy Level
18.8.2 21st Energy Level
18.9.1 22nd Energy Level
18.10.2 23rd Energy Level
18.10.5 24th Energy Level
18.11.3 25th Energy Level
19.2.4 26th Energy Level
19.4.3 27th Energy Level
19.5.3 28th Energy Level
19.6.1 29th Energy Level
19.6.5 30th Energy Level
19.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr2.82 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
20.2 Electron Work Function
20.3 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
21 Atomic
21.1 Atomic Number
21.4 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
21.5 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
21.5.1 Crystal Lattice
21.6 Atom
21.6.1 Number of Protons
21.9.1 Number of Neutrons
22.1.1 Number of Electrons
23.2 Radius of an Atom
23.2.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm195.00 pm
112
265
23.6.2 Covalent Radius
23.9.2 Van der Waals Radius
23.10 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu227.00 amu
6.94
294
23.11 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol22.54 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
23.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
23.13.1 Previous Element
23.13.2 Next Element
23.14 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)38.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
23.16 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm567.00 pm
228.58
891.25
24.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
24.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
25 Mechanical
25.1 Density
25.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm310.00 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
25.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
25.5 Tensile Strength
25.9 Viscosity
25.11 Vapor Pressure
25.11.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.15.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
26.2 Elasticity properties
26.2.1 Shear Modulus
27.2.2 Bulk Modulus
27.4.1 Young's Modulus
28.3 Poisson Ratio
28.6 Other Mechanical Properties
29 Magnetic
29.1 Magnetic Characteristics
29.1.1 Specific Gravity
29.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
29.1.4 Permeability
29.3.1 Susceptibility
29.5 Electrical Properties
29.5.1 Electrical Property
29.5.2 Resistivity
29.8.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
29.8.5 Electron Affinity
30 Thermal
30.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
30.5 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
31.2 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K12.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
31.3 Critical Temperature
31.4 Thermal Expansion
31.7 Enthalpy
31.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
32.1.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
32.2.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol301.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
32.3 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K56.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1