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Hafnium vs Darmstadtium

Hafnium
Darmstadtium
Darmstadtium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Ds  
Group Number
4  
14
10  
8
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Probably Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
54083771  
8
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Darmstadtium is a synthetic element that is highly radioactive.  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1994  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Currently known uses of Darmstadtium metal are limited to research purpose only. As only few atoms of this metal are produced.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
-  
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
350.00 MPa  
36
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
5,090.00 m/s  
13
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Ds  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.10  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.10  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.10  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
955.20 kJ/mol  
5
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,891.10 kJ/mol  
16
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,029.60 kJ/mol  
25
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,955.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,113.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,630.00 kJ/mol  
40
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
10,700.00 kJ/mol  
20
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
3,540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,800.00 kJ/mol  
28
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
34,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
34,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,139.00 kJ/mol  
18
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
1,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,139.90 kJ/mol  
15
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
350.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
565.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
582.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
4
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
4
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
663.20 kJ/mol  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
110  
8
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
110  
8
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
161  
4
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
110  
8
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
132.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
281.00 amu  
6
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
20.50 cm3/mol  
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Meitnerium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Roentgenium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
0.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.61  
19
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
34.80 g/cm3  
5
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
33.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
38.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
34.80  
7
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
8.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
27.30 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
12.90 µm/(m·K)  
38
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
348.90 kJ/mol  
34
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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