Hafnium

Scandium

Hafnium vs Scandium

Hafnium

Scandium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.3 Group Number

0 17

1.5 Period Number

2 7

1.6 Block

d block

1.7 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.8 CAS Number

74405867440202

7429905 54386242

1.11 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.13 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

By-product Zirconium Refining

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1922

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

7 * 10^-8 %3 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

3.1.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

3.1.4 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

3.2.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.3.1 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.4.2 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.2 In Bone

NA0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

2,150.00 °C1,539.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

5,400.00 °C2,832.00 °C

147 5660

5.4 Appearance

5.4.1 Physical State

Solid

5.4.2 Color

Gray

Silvery White

5.4.3 Luster

Metallic

Lustrous

5.5 Hardness

5.5.1 Mohs Hardness

5.50NA

0.2 8.5

6.1.2 Brinell Hardness

1,450.00 MPa750.00 MPa

0.14 3490

6.1.6 Vickers Hardness

1,520.00 MPaNA

121 3430

6.3 Speed of Sound

3,010.00 m/sNA

818 16200

6.4 Optical Properties

6.4.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

6.4.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

6.5 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.5.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.5.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.5.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

3213

0 38

8.2 Electronegativity

8.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.36

0.7 2.54

8.3.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.02

0.22 2.56

8.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.20

0.86 1.82

8.5.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

8.6.1 Allen Electronegativity

1.161.19

0.659 2.7

8.8 Electropositivity

8.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.64

1.46 3.3

8.9 Ionization Energies

8.9.1 1st Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.9.2 2nd Energy Level

1,440.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.9.4 3rd Energy Level

2,250.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.10.1 4th Energy Level

3,216.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.10.2 5th Energy Level

NA8,843.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

8.10.3 6th Energy Level

NA10,679.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

8.10.4 7th Energy level

NA13,310.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

8.10.5 8th Energy Level

NA15,250.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

8.10.6 9th Energy Level

NA17,370.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

8.10.7 10th Energy Level

NA21,726.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

8.10.8 11th Energy Level

NA24,102.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

8.10.9 12th Energy Level

NA66,320.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

8.10.10 13th Energy Level

NA73,010.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

8.10.11 14th Energy Level

NA80,160.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

8.10.12 15th Energy Level

NA89,490.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

8.10.13 16th Energy Level

NA97,400.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

8.10.14 17th Energy Level

NA105,600.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

8.10.15 18th Energy Level

NA117,000.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

8.10.16 19th Energy Level

NA124,270.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

8.10.17 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

8.10.18 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

8.10.19 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

8.10.20 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.10.21 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.10.22 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.10.23 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.10.24 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.10.25 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.10.26 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.10.27 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.11 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.66 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.12 Electron Work Function

3.90 eV3.50 eV

2.14 5.65

8.13 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

7221

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

9.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

7221

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

10624

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

7221

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

159.00 pm162.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

175.00 pm170.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm211.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

178.49 amu44.96 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

13.60 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

81.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

319.64 pm330.90 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.581.59

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

13.31 g/cm³2.99 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

12.00 g/cm32.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

445.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)91.30 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa29.10 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa56.60 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

78.00 GPa74.40 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

0.370.28

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

13.312.99

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

331.00 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.03 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

0.14 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.73 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

23.00 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

5.90 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

661.10 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

25.10 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

703.00 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

43.60 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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