1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.8 CAS Number
74405867440202
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.3 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
3.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Lars Fredrik Nilson
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %3 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.4 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.3.1 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C1,539.00 °C
27
3410
5.4 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C2,832.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.9.1 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa750.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.1.2 Vickers Hardness
6.2 Speed of Sound
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
6.5.1 Reflectivity
6.7 Allotropes
6.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.4.7 Allen Electronegativity
7.6 Electropositivity
7.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.2 Ionization Energies
8.2.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.2.4 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.2.6 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.3.3 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.3.5 5th Energy Level
NA8,843.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.3.6 6th Energy Level
NA10,679.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.3.8 7th Energy level
NA13,310.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.3.9 8th Energy Level
NA15,250.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.1.1 9th Energy Level
NA17,370.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.2.1 10th Energy Level
NA21,726.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.3.1 11th Energy Level
NA24,102.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.3.2 12th Energy Level
NA66,320.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.4.1 13th Energy Level
NA73,010.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.5.1 14th Energy Level
NA80,160.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.6.2 15th Energy Level
NA89,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.6.4 16th Energy Level
NA97,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.6.5 17th Energy Level
NA105,600.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.6.7 18th Energy Level
NA117,000.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.6.8 19th Energy Level
NA124,270.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.7.1 20th Energy Level
9.7.2 21st Energy Level
9.7.3 22nd Energy Level
9.7.4 23rd Energy Level
9.7.5 24th Energy Level
9.7.6 25th Energy Level
9.7.7 26th Energy Level
9.7.8 27th Energy Level
9.7.9 28th Energy Level
9.7.10 29th Energy Level
9.7.11 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm162.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm211.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu44.96 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm330.90 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm32.99 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm32.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)91.30 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa29.10 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa56.60 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa74.40 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1