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Holmium
Holmium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ho
Au
1.2 Group Number
NA11
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74406007440575
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1878
Before 6000 BCE
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %6 * 10-8 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Palladium
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA0.02 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,461.00 °C1,064.43 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C2,807.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Gold
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA2.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa194.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa216.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s2,030.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NA95.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ho
Au
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3436
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.232.54
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.101.42
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.87
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.92
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.771.46
Palladium
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol890.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr2.45 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
NA5.10 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6779
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6779
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
98118
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6779
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm151.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
192.00 pm144.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm166.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
164.93 amu196.97 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol10.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)43.40 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
357.73 pm407.82 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.61
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm319.30 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm317.31 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NA120.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA67.00 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa27.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa180.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa79.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.230.40
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.8019.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m2.20 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.45 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K25.42 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K318.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)14.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol324.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol12.55 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol364.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K47.40 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1