1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74406007440677
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %5 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.6 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.8 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
-
Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,461.00 °C1,852.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C4,377.00 °C
147
5660
7.2 Appearance
7.2.1 Physical State
7.2.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
7.2.3 Luster
7.3 Hardness
7.3.1 Mohs Hardness
7.4.1 Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa638.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.6.2 Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa820.00 MPa
121
3430
7.7 Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s3,800.00 m/s
818
16200
7.8 Optical Properties
7.8.1 Refractive Index
7.8.3 Reflectivity
7.10 Allotropes
7.10.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.10.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.10.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.4 Allen Electronegativity
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol640.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol1,270.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.5.4 3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol2,218.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.6.2 4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol3,313.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.2 5th Energy Level
NA7,752.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.7.4 6th Energy Level
NA9,500.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.7.6 7th Energy level
9.7.8 8th Energy Level
9.7.11 9th Energy Level
9.7.13 10th Energy Level
9.7.15 11th Energy Level
9.7.18 12th Energy Level
9.7.20 13th Energy Level
9.7.22 14th Energy Level
9.7.24 15th Energy Level
9.7.25 16th Energy Level
9.7.27 17th Energy Level
9.7.29 18th Energy Level
9.7.31 19th Energy Level
9.7.33 20th Energy Level
9.7.35 21st Energy Level
9.7.37 22nd Energy Level
9.7.38 23rd Energy Level
9.7.40 24th Energy Level
9.7.42 25th Energy Level
9.7.44 26th Energy Level
9.7.46 27th Energy Level
9.7.48 28th Energy Level
9.7.50 29th Energy Level
9.7.52 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr0.85 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.6.1 Number of Neutrons
11.1.1 Number of Electrons
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm160.00 pm
112
265
11.5.2 Covalent Radius
192.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
11.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
11.6 Atomic Weight
164.93 amu91.22 amu
6.94
294
11.8 Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol14.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)80.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.11 Lattice Constant
357.73 pm323.20 pm
228.58
891.25
11.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm36.52 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm35.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.5 Tensile Strength
12.6 Viscosity
12.9 Vapor Pressure
12.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.2 Elasticity properties
13.2.1 Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa33.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.3.1 Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa91.10 GPa
1.6
462
13.4.1 Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa88.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.5 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m421.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.1.2 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol41.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.27 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.4 Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K22.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.5 Critical Temperature
16.6 Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)5.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.2 Enthalpy
17.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol581.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.3.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.4.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol598.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.6 Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K39.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1