1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.5 Period Number
2.6 Block
2.7 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
2.8 CAS Number
74399107429905
7429905
54386242
2.9 Space Group Name
2.10 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Hans Christian Oersted
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
4.2.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.006 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.6 Abundance In Meteorites
5.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.3.4 Abundance In Oceans
5.4.2 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA0.39 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.3.1 In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.27.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
920.00 °C660.37 °C
27
3410
8.3 Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C2,467.00 °C
147
5660
8.5 Appearance
8.5.1 Physical State
8.5.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
8.5.3 Luster
8.6 Hardness
8.6.1 Mohs Hardness
8.6.3 Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.6.5 Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa160.00 MPa
121
3430
8.7 Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s5,000.00 m/s
818
16200
8.8 Optical Properties
8.8.1 Refractive Index
8.8.2 Reflectivity
8.10 Allotropes
8.10.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.10.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.10.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.4.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.4.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.4.10 Allen Electronegativity
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.6 Ionization Energies
9.6.1 1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.6.3 2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.6.5 3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.6.7 4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol11,577.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.6.9 5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol14,842.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.6.11 6th Energy Level
NA18,379.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.6.12 7th Energy level
NA23,326.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.6.14 8th Energy Level
NA27,465.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.6.16 9th Energy Level
NA31,853.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.6.18 10th Energy Level
NA38,473.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.6.20 11th Energy Level
NA42,647.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.6.22 12th Energy Level
9.6.25 13th Energy Level
9.6.27 14th Energy Level
9.6.30 15th Energy Level
9.6.32 16th Energy Level
9.6.34 17th Energy Level
9.6.36 18th Energy Level
9.6.39 19th Energy Level
9.6.41 20th Energy Level
9.6.43 21st Energy Level
9.7.1 22nd Energy Level
9.7.2 23rd Energy Level
9.8.1 24th Energy Level
9.8.2 25th Energy Level
10.1.1 26th Energy Level
10.1.2 27th Energy Level
10.4.2 28th Energy Level
10.4.3 29th Energy Level
10.4.5 30th Energy Level
10.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.7 Electron Work Function
10.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
11.4 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
11.4.1 Crystal Lattice
11.5 Atom
11.5.1 Number of Protons
11.6.1 Number of Neutrons
11.8.1 Number of Electrons
11.10 Radius of an Atom
11.10.1 Atomic Radius
187.00 pm143.00 pm
112
265
11.12.1 Covalent Radius
207.00 pm121.00 pm
96
260
12.1.2 Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm184.00 pm
139
348
12.2 Atomic Weight
138.91 amu26.98 amu
6.94
294
12.4 Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol10.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.6 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.6.1 Previous Element
12.6.2 Next Element
12.7 Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.9 Lattice Constant
377.20 pm404.95 pm
228.58
891.25
12.10 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.11 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm32.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.5 Vapor Pressure
13.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
14.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
14.2 Elasticity properties
14.2.1 Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa26.00 GPa
1.3
222
14.3.3 Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa76.00 GPa
1.6
462
14.3.5 Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa70.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.4 Poisson Ratio
15.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
16.2.2 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
16.2.3 Susceptibility
16.4 Electrical Properties
16.4.1 Electrical Property
16.4.2 Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m28.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.5.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.38 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.6.1 Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol42.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.90 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K24.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K237.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.6 Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)23.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.7 Enthalpy
17.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol293.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol10.67 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.7.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol322.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.8 Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K28.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1