1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.6 Period Number
2.10 Block
2.11 Element Family
2.12 CAS Number
74399107440304
7429905
54386242
4.5 Space Group Name
4.6 Space Group Number
8 Facts
8.1 Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
8.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
8.3 History
8.3.2 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Per Teodor Cleve
8.3.4 Discovery
8.4 Abundance
8.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
9.3.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
10.2.3 Abundance In Meteorites
11.5.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
12.2.2 Abundance In Oceans
13.3.1 Abundance In Humans
14 Uses
14.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
14.1.2 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
14.1.4 Medical Uses
14.1.5 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
14.2 Biological Properties
14.2.1 Toxicity
14.3.2 Present in Human Body
14.3.3 In Blood
14.6.3 In Bone
16 Physical
16.1 Melting Point
920.00 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
17.5 Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
18.3 Appearance
18.3.1 Physical State
18.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
18.3.3 Luster
18.4 Hardness
18.4.1 Mohs Hardness
18.4.4 Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
18.5.2 Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
18.7 Speed of Sound
18.10 Optical Properties
18.10.1 Refractive Index
18.11.2 Reflectivity
18.12 Allotropes
18.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
18.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
18.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
19 Chemical
19.1 Chemical Formula
19.2 Isotopes
19.2.1 Known Isotopes
19.3 Electronegativity
19.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
19.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
19.3.8 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
19.3.11 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
19.3.15 Allen Electronegativity
19.4 Electropositivity
19.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
19.6 Ionization Energies
19.6.1 1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
19.6.4 2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
19.7.2 3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
19.7.5 4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
19.7.9 5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
19.7.11 6th Energy Level
19.7.15 7th Energy level
19.7.19 8th Energy Level
19.7.23 9th Energy Level
19.7.26 10th Energy Level
19.7.29 11th Energy Level
19.7.34 12th Energy Level
19.7.39 13th Energy Level
19.7.42 14th Energy Level
19.7.47 15th Energy Level
19.7.49 16th Energy Level
19.7.53 17th Energy Level
19.7.57 18th Energy Level
19.7.61 19th Energy Level
19.7.65 20th Energy Level
19.7.67 21st Energy Level
19.8.1 22nd Energy Level
19.8.3 23rd Energy Level
19.8.5 24th Energy Level
19.8.6 25th Energy Level
19.9.1 26th Energy Level
19.9.2 27th Energy Level
19.9.6 28th Energy Level
20.1.1 29th Energy Level
20.1.4 30th Energy Level
20.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
20.6 Electron Work Function
20.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
21 Atomic
21.1 Atomic Number
21.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
21.4 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
21.4.1 Crystal Lattice
21.5 Atom
21.5.1 Number of Protons
21.6.2 Number of Neutrons
21.7.4 Number of Electrons
22.2 Radius of an Atom
22.2.1 Atomic Radius
187.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
22.3.2 Covalent Radius
207.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
22.3.3 Van der Waals Radius
22.8 Atomic Weight
138.91 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
22.11 Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
22.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
22.14.1 Previous Element
22.14.2 Next Element
22.15 Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
22.19 Lattice Constant
377.20 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
23.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
23.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
24 Mechanical
24.1 Density
24.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
25.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
25.5 Tensile Strength
25.10 Viscosity
25.11 Vapor Pressure
25.11.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.11.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
25.13 Elasticity properties
25.13.1 Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
25.14.2 Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
25.14.7 Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
25.17 Poisson Ratio
25.21 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
26 Magnetic
26.1 Magnetic Characteristics
26.1.1 Specific Gravity
26.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
26.1.3 Permeability
27.2.1 Susceptibility
27.4 Electrical Properties
27.4.1 Electrical Property
27.4.2 Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
28.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
28.5.1 Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
30 Thermal
30.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
30.3 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
30.4 Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
31.4 Critical Temperature
31.7 Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
31.11 Enthalpy
31.11.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
31.13.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
32.1.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
32.3 Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1