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Lawrencium vs Thorium

Lawrencium
Thorium
Thorium vs Lawrencium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lr  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
22537195  
15
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1961–1971  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,627.00 °C  
20
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
500.00 MPa  
35
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Lr  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
103  
15
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
103  
15
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
142  
16
Number of Electrons
103  
15
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm  
31
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
246.00 pm  
12
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
266.00 amu  
12
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nobelium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Rutherfordium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
530.00 pm  
14
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.00 g/cm3  
22
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.60 g/cm3  
20
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
15.00 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
210.00 GPa  
10
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.60  
22
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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