Neptunium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Np
Th
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
7
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
7439998
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Pnma
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
62.00
11
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1940
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
- Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
640.00 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C
13
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Np
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr
39
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
93
25
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
93
25
90
28
Number of Neutrons
144
14
142
15
Number of Electrons
93
25
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm
30
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm
22
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu
22
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)
9
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm
3
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3
14
11.72 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa
14
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)
17
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
20.25
6
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K
8
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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