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Neptunium vs Cadmium

Neptunium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Pnma  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
93  
25
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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