Neptunium

Californium

Neptunium vs Californium

Neptunium

Californium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NANA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74399987440713

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pnma

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

62.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Not Available

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1940

In 1950

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NANA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NANA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NANA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NANA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Alloys, Nuclear Research

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

640.00 °C900.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

3,902.00 °C1,470.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA3.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NANA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NANA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2020

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.361.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.221.20

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NANA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.642.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

604.50 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,128.00 kJ/mol1,206.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

1,997.00 kJ/mol2,267.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,242.00 kJ/mol3,599.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.77 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NANA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

9398

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Orthorhombic (ORTH)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

9398

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

144153

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

9398

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

155.00 pm186.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

190.00 pmNA

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

221.00 pmNA

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

237.00 amu251.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

11.62 cm3/molNA

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

96.00 (-eV)44.50 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

666.30 pm338.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

19.38 g/cm³15.10 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NANA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

125.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.11 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NANA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NANA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NANA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NANA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Malleable, Sectile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

20.2515.10

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Unknown

8.2.2 Resistivity

1.22 nΩ·mNA

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.01 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NANA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)NA

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

29.46 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

6.30 W/m·KNA

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NANA

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NANA

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

3.20 kJ/molNA

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NANA

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NANA

9.5 198.1

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