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Neptunium vs Hafnium

Neptunium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Pnma  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
106  
30
Number of Electrons
93  
25
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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