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Neptunium
Neptunium

Polonium
Polonium



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Neptunium
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Neptunium vs Polonium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Np
Po
1.2 Group Number
NA16
Gadolinium
0 17
1.4 Period Number
76
Lithium
2 7
1.5 Block
f block
p block
1.6 Element Family
Actinide
Post-​Transition
1.7 CAS Number
74399987440086
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
Pnma
Pm-3m
1.9 Space Group Number
62.00221.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
Not Available
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1940
In 1898
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NANA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
1.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
NANA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
1.1.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NANA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
1.2.1 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
1.3.1 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
2 Uses
2.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
2.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
2.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
2.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
2.2 Biological Properties
2.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
2.2.2 Present in Human Body
2.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
2.3.1 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
3 Physical
3.1 Melting Point
640.00 °C254.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
3.3 Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C962.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
3.5 Appearance
3.5.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
3.5.2 Color
Silver
Silver
3.5.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
3.6 Hardness
3.6.1 Mohs Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
3.6.3 Brinell Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.14 3490
3.6.5 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
3.7 Speed of Sound
NANA
Thallium
818 16200
3.9 Optical Properties
3.9.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
3.9.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
3.10 Allotropes
3.10.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
3.10.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
3.10.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4 Chemical
4.1 Chemical Formula
Np
Po
4.2 Isotopes
4.2.1 Known Isotopes
2029
Tennessine
0 38
4.3 Electronegativity
4.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.362.00
Francium
0.7 2.54
4.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
4.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.221.76
Cesium
0.86 1.82
4.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA2.48
Cesium
0.62 2.48
4.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NA2.19
Cesium
0.659 2.7
4.4 Electropositivity
4.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.642.00
Gold
1.46 3.3
4.5 Ionization Energies
4.5.1 1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
4.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/molNA
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
4.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
4.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
4.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
4.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
4.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
4.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
4.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
4.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
4.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
4.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
4.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
4.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
4.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
4.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
4.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
4.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
4.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
4.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
4.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
4.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
4.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
4.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
4.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
4.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
4.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
4.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
4.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
4.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
4.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
4.7 Electron Work Function
NANA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
1.3 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
9384
Lithium
3 117
2.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
2.4 Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Monoclinic (MON)
2.4.1 Crystal Lattice
2.5 Atom
2.5.1 Number of Protons
9384
Lithium
3 117
2.8.1 Number of Neutrons
144125
Lithium
4 184
2.10.1 Number of Electrons
9384
Lithium
3 117
2.11 Radius of an Atom
2.11.1 Atomic Radius
155.00 pm168.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
2.11.2 Covalent Radius
190.00 pm140.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
2.11.3 Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm197.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
2.12 Atomic Weight
237.00 amu209.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
2.13 Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
2.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.14.1 Previous Element
2.14.2 Next Element
2.15 Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)NA
Francium
8 392.42
2.16 Lattice Constant
666.30 pm335.90 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
2.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
2.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
1.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA9.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
1.4 Tensile Strength
125.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
1.8 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
1.11 Vapor Pressure
1.11.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
1.11.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
2.5 Elasticity properties
2.5.1 Shear Modulus
NANA
Potassium
1.3 222
2.5.3 Bulk Modulus
NANA
Cesium
1.6 462
2.5.5 Young's Modulus
NANA
Cesium
1.7 528
2.6 Poisson Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
2.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
3 Magnetic
3.1 Magnetic Characteristics
3.1.1 Specific Gravity
20.259.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
3.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
3.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
3.1.5 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
4.3 Electrical Properties
4.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
4.3.2 Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
4.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
1.2.2 Electron Affinity
NA183.30 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
2 Thermal
2.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
2.4 Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
2.5 Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
Palladium
6.3 429
2.6 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
2.8 Thermal Expansion
NA23.50 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
2.10 Enthalpy
2.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA60.30 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
2.2.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
2.4.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
NA134.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
2.6 Standard Molar Entropy
NANA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1