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Niobium
Niobium

Thulium
Thulium



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Niobium
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Thulium

Niobium Thulium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Nb
Tm
1.2 Group Number
5NA
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
56
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74400317440304
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
229.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1801
In 1879
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.00000002 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Unknown
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,468.00 °C1,545.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C1,730.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.00NA
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa471.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa520.00 MPa
Palladium Metal
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/sNA
Thallium Metal
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Nb
Tm
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1732
Tennessine Metal
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.601.25
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42NA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.231.11
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.41NA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.402.75
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
Thorium Metal
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/molNA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.30 eVNA
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4169
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4169
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
52100
Lithium Metal
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4169
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
146.00 pm176.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
164.00 pm160.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pmNA
Zinc Metal
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
92.91 amu168.93 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
330.04 pm353.75 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.57
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA8.56 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
330.00 MPaNA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.06 (Pa)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa30.50 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa44.50 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa74.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.400.21
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.579.32
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1