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Plutonium Hafnium Comparison

Plutonium
Hafnium
Hafnium Plutonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pu  
Hf  
Group Number
0  
18
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440075  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P121/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
11.00  
16
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
639.50 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C  
25
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
627.00 MPa  
22
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
617.00 MPa  
26
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pu  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.28  
34
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.28  
26
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.28  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.72  
21
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
39
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr  
26
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.88 eV  
38
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
94  
24
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
94  
24
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
106  
30
Number of Electrons
94  
24
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm  
20
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
244.00 amu  
19
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neptunium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Americium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)  
21
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
618.30 pm  
4
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.74  
6
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3  
13
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3  
18
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
28
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa  
18
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa  
16
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
96.00 GPa  
23
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.84  
16
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.60 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K  
4
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)  
6
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol  
36
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol  
35
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
37.10 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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