Symbol
Pu
  
Nb
  
Period Number
7
  
5
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P121/m1
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
- Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan
  
Charles Hatchett
  
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941
  
In 1801
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
-
It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Low Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C
  
24
2,468.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s
  
99+
3,480.00 m/s
  
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Pu
  
Nb
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
4,877.00 kJ/mol
  
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
9,847.00 kJ/mol
  
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,100.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr
  
22
0.69 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2
  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol
  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)
  
21
104.00 (-eV)
  
8
Lattice Angles
NA
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3
  
13
8.57 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
28
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
86.10 kJ/mol
  
12
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.26 J/(kg K)
  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K
  
3
24.60 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K
  
99+
53.70 W/m·K
  
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)
  
6
7.30 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol
  
25
696.60 kJ/mol
  
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol
  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol
  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol
  
26
745.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
36.40 J/mol.K
  
99+