1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.8 Block
2.9 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
2.10 CAS Number
74401007440031
7429905
54386242
2.12 Space Group Name
2.13 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Not Available
Charles Hatchett
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
4.1.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.1.4 Abundance In Meteorites
4.1.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.3.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.2 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
-
This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
935.00 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.4.3 Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.4.4 Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa870.00 MPa
121
3430
6.5 Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
6.7 Optical Properties
6.7.1 Refractive Index
6.7.2 Reflectivity
7.2 Allotropes
7.2.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.2.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.4.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.4.5 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.4 2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.5 3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.1.1 4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.3.1 5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.3.2 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.3.3 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.6.1 8th Energy Level
9.8.1 9th Energy Level
9.8.2 10th Energy Level
10.1.2 11th Energy Level
10.1.3 12th Energy Level
10.2.3 13th Energy Level
10.2.4 14th Energy Level
10.2.6 15th Energy Level
10.3.1 16th Energy Level
10.4.1 17th Energy Level
10.5.2 18th Energy Level
10.6.1 19th Energy Level
10.6.3 20th Energy Level
10.7.2 21st Energy Level
10.7.3 22nd Energy Level
10.7.5 23rd Energy Level
10.7.6 24th Energy Level
10.7.8 25th Energy Level
10.7.9 26th Energy Level
10.7.10 27th Energy Level
10.8.1 28th Energy Level
11.1.2 29th Energy Level
11.1.3 30th Energy Level
11.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.3 Electron Work Function
11.5 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.3 Number of Neutrons
13.1.1 Number of Electrons
13.3 Radius of an Atom
13.3.1 Atomic Radius
182.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
13.3.2 Covalent Radius
203.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
13.4.1 Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
13.6 Atomic Weight
140.91 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
13.8 Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.9.1 Previous Element
13.9.2 Next Element
13.10 Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
13.12 Lattice Constant
367.25 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
13.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
13.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
14 Mechanical
14.1 Density
14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
14.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
14.3 Tensile Strength
14.4 Viscosity
14.5 Vapor Pressure
14.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
14.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
14.6 Elasticity properties
14.6.1 Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa38.00 GPa
1.3
222
14.6.2 Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
14.6.3 Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.7 Poisson Ratio
14.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.1.3 Permeability
15.1.4 Susceptibility
15.2 Electrical Properties
15.2.1 Electrical Property
15.2.2 Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.4 Critical Temperature
16.5 Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.6 Enthalpy
16.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.7 Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1