1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74401227440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,042.00 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
1.1.1 20th Energy Level
1.1.2 21st Energy Level
1.2.1 22nd Energy Level
1.2.2 23rd Energy Level
1.2.3 24th Energy Level
1.4.2 25th Energy Level
1.4.3 26th Energy Level
1.4.4 27th Energy Level
1.4.6 28th Energy Level
1.4.7 29th Energy Level
1.4.9 30th Energy Level
1.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.7 Electron Work Function
1.9 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
2.4 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
2.4.1 Crystal Lattice
2.5 Atom
2.5.1 Number of Protons
2.5.2 Number of Neutrons
2.5.3 Number of Electrons
2.6 Radius of an Atom
2.6.1 Atomic Radius
183.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
2.6.2 Covalent Radius
199.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
2.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
2.7 Atomic Weight
145.00 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
2.8 Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.9.1 Previous Element
2.9.2 Next Element
2.10 Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.11 Lattice Constant
NA363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
2.12 Lattice Angles
2.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
1.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
1.2.2 Permeability
1.2.3 Susceptibility
1.4 Electrical Properties
1.4.1 Electrical Property
1.4.2 Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
1.7.1 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
1.9.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
2 Thermal
2.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
2.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
2.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
2.4 Critical Temperature
2.5 Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
2.6 Enthalpy
2.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
2.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
2.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
2.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1