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Protactinium vs Hafnium

Protactinium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Protactinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pa  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440133  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
139.00  
11
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1900  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,568.00 °C  
21
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
4,027.00 °C  
12
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
125.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
220.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
12,400.00 m/s  
3
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pa  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.50  
28
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14  
29
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.50  
26
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.50  
32
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,814.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,991.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
568.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
568.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.72 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.89 eV  
3
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
91  
27
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
91  
27
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
122  
22
106  
30
Number of Electrons
91  
27
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
163.00 pm  
27
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
200.00 pm  
11
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
243.00 pm  
15
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
231.04 amu  
24
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thorium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Uranium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
92.00 (-eV)  
11
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
392.50 pm  
26
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
36
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.37 g/cm3  
20
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.37 g/cm3  
21
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
47.00 GPa  
26
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
47.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.37  
23
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
177.00 nΩ·m  
21
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
39
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
53.03 kJ/mol  
22
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
47.00 W/m·K  
32
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,841.00 K  
25
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
481.00 kJ/mol  
17
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.34 kJ/mol  
34
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
481.90 kJ/mol  
19
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
198.10 J/mol.K  
1
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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