1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.10 CAS Number
74401887439954
7429905
54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
1.13 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Joseph Black
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %6 * 10-2 %
5E-09
0.11
3.1.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.07 %
1E-08
0.1
3.2.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.2.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.3 Abundance In Oceans
3.6.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
-
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.5.2 In Bone
NA1,800.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C650.00 °C
27
3410
7.4 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C1,107.00 °C
147
5660
7.12 Appearance
7.12.1 Physical State
7.12.2 Color
7.12.3 Luster
7.13 Hardness
7.13.1 Mohs Hardness
8.3.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa260.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.3.9 Vickers Hardness
8.7 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s4,940.00 m/s
818
16200
8.10 Optical Properties
8.10.1 Refractive Index
8.10.4 Reflectivity
8.12 Allotropes
8.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.7 Electronegativity
9.7.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.6.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.7.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.10.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.1.2 Allen Electronegativity
12.3 Electropositivity
12.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.6 Ionization Energies
12.6.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol737.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.9.1 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,450.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.11.1 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol7,732.70 kJ/mol
1600
34230
13.1.2 4th Energy Level
NA10,542.50 kJ/mol
2780
37066
14.3.2 5th Energy Level
NA13,630.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
14.5.1 6th Energy Level
NA18,020.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
14.7.4 7th Energy level
NA21,711.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
14.9.2 8th Energy Level
NA25,661.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
14.9.4 9th Energy Level
NA31,653.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
14.11.1 10th Energy Level
NA35,458.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
16.1.2 11th Energy Level
NA169,988.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
16.1.9 12th Energy Level
NA189,368.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
16.2.5 13th Energy Level
16.4.4 14th Energy Level
17.1.2 15th Energy Level
17.3.1 16th Energy Level
17.4.2 17th Energy Level
18.2.2 18th Energy Level
18.2.4 19th Energy Level
18.3.2 20th Energy Level
18.5.1 21st Energy Level
18.5.2 22nd Energy Level
18.6.1 23rd Energy Level
18.6.2 24th Energy Level
18.7.1 25th Energy Level
18.8.2 26th Energy Level
18.8.3 27th Energy Level
18.8.5 28th Energy Level
18.8.6 29th Energy Level
18.8.7 30th Energy Level
18.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
18.11 Electron Work Function
18.12 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
19 Atomic
19.1 Atomic Number
19.2 Electron Configuration
19.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
19.3.1 Crystal Lattice
19.4 Atom
19.4.1 Number of Protons
19.4.2 Number of Neutrons
19.4.3 Number of Electrons
19.5 Radius of an Atom
19.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm160.00 pm
112
265
19.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm141.00 pm
96
260
19.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm173.00 pm
139
348
19.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu24.31 amu
6.94
294
19.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol13.97 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
19.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
19.8.1 Previous Element
19.8.2 Next Element
19.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)40.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
19.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm320.94 pm
228.58
891.25
19.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
19.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
20 Mechanical
20.1 Density
20.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm31.74 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
20.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm31.58 g/cm3
0.512
20
20.2 Tensile Strength
20.3 Viscosity
20.4 Vapor Pressure
20.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
20.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
20.5 Elasticity properties
20.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa17.00 GPa
1.3
222
20.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa45.00 GPa
1.6
462
20.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa45.00 GPa
1.7
528
20.6 Poisson Ratio
20.7 Other Mechanical Properties
21 Magnetic
21.1 Magnetic Characteristics
21.1.1 Specific Gravity
21.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
21.1.3 Permeability
21.1.4 Susceptibility
21.2 Electrical Properties
21.2.1 Electrical Property
21.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m43.90 nΩ·m
0.18
961
21.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.23 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
21.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
22 Thermal
22.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)1.02 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
22.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K24.87 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
22.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K156.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
22.4 Critical Temperature
22.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)24.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
22.6 Enthalpy
22.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol128.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
22.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol8.95 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
22.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol148.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
22.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K32.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1