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Samarium
Samarium

Thulium
Thulium



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Samarium
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Thulium

Samarium Thulium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Sm
Tm
1.2 Group Number
NANA
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401997440304
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
R_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
166.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1879
In 1879
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.00000002 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Slightly Toxic
Unknown
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NANA
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,072.00 °C1,545.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C1,730.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
1.2 Appearance
1.2.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
1.3.1 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
1.3.2 Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
1.4 Hardness
1.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
1.4.2 Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa471.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
1.5.1 Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa520.00 MPa
Palladium Metal
121 3430
1.9 Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/sNA
Thallium Metal
818 16200
1.12 Optical Properties
1.12.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
1.12.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
1.13 Allotropes
1.13.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.13.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.13.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2 Chemical
2.1 Chemical Formula
Sm
Tm
2.2 Isotopes
2.2.1 Known Isotopes
3032
Tennessine Metal
0 38
3.5 Electronegativity
3.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.171.25
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
3.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
3.5.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.071.11
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
3.5.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
3.5.7 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
3.6 Electropositivity
3.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.832.75
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
3.7 Ionization Energies
3.7.1 1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
3.7.2 2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
3.7.4 3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
3.7.6 4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
Thorium Metal
2780 37066
4.2.4 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
4.2.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
5.1.1 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
5.1.2 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
5.2.1 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
5.4.2 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
5.4.3 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
5.4.5 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
5.4.7 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
5.5.1 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
5.6.2 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
6.2.2 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
6.2.3 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
6.3.2 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
6.3.4 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
6.3.5 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
6.3.7 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
6.3.9 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
6.3.11 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
6.3.12 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
6.4.2 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
6.4.3 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
6.5.2 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
6.5.4 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
6.5.6 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
6.5.7 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
6.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
6.7 Electron Work Function
2.70 eVNA
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
6.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
6269
Lithium Metal
3 117
7.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
7.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
7.3.1 Crystal Lattice
7.4 Atom
7.4.1 Number of Protons
6269
Lithium Metal
3 117
7.4.3 Number of Neutrons
88100
Lithium Metal
4 184
7.4.6 Number of Electrons
6269
Lithium Metal
3 117
7.5 Radius of an Atom
7.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm176.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
7.5.2 Covalent Radius
198.00 pm160.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
7.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pmNA
Zinc Metal
139 348
7.6 Atomic Weight
150.36 amu168.93 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
7.7 Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
7.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.8.1 Previous Element
7.8.2 Next Element
7.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
7.10 Lattice Constant
362.10 pm353.75 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
7.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
7.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.57
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
8 Mechanical
8.1 Density
8.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
8.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
8.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
8.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
8.4 Vapor Pressure
8.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
8.4.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
8.5 Elasticity properties
8.5.1 Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa30.50 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
8.6.1 Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa44.50 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
8.7.1 Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa74.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
9.2 Poisson Ratio
0.270.21
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
9.6 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
10 Magnetic
10.1 Magnetic Characteristics
10.1.1 Specific Gravity
7.529.32
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
10.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
10.1.4 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
10.1.5 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
10.2 Electrical Properties
10.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
10.2.2 Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
10.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
10.3.5 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
11 Thermal
11.1 Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
11.3 Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
11.6 Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
11.8 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
11.11 Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
12.2 Enthalpy
12.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
12.2.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
12.4.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
12.6 Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1