1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74402027440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.3 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.2.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.1.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.1.3 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
5.2.8 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
6.11.2 Brinell Hardness
7.2.2 Vickers Hardness
7.6 Speed of Sound
7.10 Optical Properties
7.10.1 Refractive Index
7.10.5 Reflectivity
7.13 Allotropes
7.13.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.13.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.13.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.2 Electronegativity
9.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.8.2 Allen Electronegativity
11.2 Electropositivity
11.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.5 Ionization Energies
11.5.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.6.1 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.8.1 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.9.2 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.9.5 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
11.10.1 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
12.1.2 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
12.2.3 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
12.2.5 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
12.2.6 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
12.3.3 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
12.3.5 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
12.3.7 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
12.3.8 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
13.1.1 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
13.2.1 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
13.2.2 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
13.3.1 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
13.3.2 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
13.4.1 20th Energy Level
13.5.1 21st Energy Level
13.5.2 22nd Energy Level
13.5.3 23rd Energy Level
13.6.2 24th Energy Level
13.6.3 25th Energy Level
13.6.4 26th Energy Level
13.6.6 27th Energy Level
13.6.7 28th Energy Level
13.6.8 29th Energy Level
13.6.10 30th Energy Level
13.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.9 Electron Work Function
13.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
14.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
14.4.2 Number of Neutrons
14.4.3 Number of Electrons
14.5 Radius of an Atom
14.5.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
14.5.2 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
14.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
14.6 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
14.7 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.8.1 Previous Element
14.8.2 Next Element
14.9 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.10 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
14.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
15.2 Tensile Strength
15.3 Viscosity
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
16.1.4 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1