1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
1.7 CAS Number
74403267440348
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Not Available
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained by Treating Radium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Friedrich Oskar Giesel
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.7.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.7.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.7.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.7.7 Abundance In Oceans
3.8.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Actinium metal has a great source of alpha rays but it is hardly used outside research purpose.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,227.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C3,200.00 °C
147
5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
5.4.2 Color
5.4.3 Luster
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
5.7.1 Brinell Hardness
5.8.1 Vickers Hardness
6.2 Speed of Sound
6.3 Optical Properties
6.3.1 Refractive Index
6.3.3 Reflectivity
6.4 Allotropes
6.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.6.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.6.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.7.4 Allen Electronegativity
7.8 Electropositivity
7.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.9 Ionization Energies
7.9.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol499.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.10.1 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.1.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol1,900.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.1.5 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol4,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.1.7 5th Energy Level
8.1.8 6th Energy Level
8.2.3 7th Energy level
8.2.5 8th Energy Level
8.2.6 9th Energy Level
8.2.8 10th Energy Level
9.1.1 11th Energy Level
9.2.1 12th Energy Level
9.3.1 13th Energy Level
9.3.2 14th Energy Level
9.4.1 15th Energy Level
9.5.1 16th Energy Level
9.6.2 17th Energy Level
9.6.3 18th Energy Level
9.6.5 19th Energy Level
9.6.6 20th Energy Level
9.6.8 21st Energy Level
9.6.9 22nd Energy Level
9.7.1 23rd Energy Level
9.7.2 24th Energy Level
9.7.3 25th Energy Level
9.7.4 26th Energy Level
9.7.5 27th Energy Level
9.7.6 28th Energy Level
9.7.7 29th Energy Level
9.7.8 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr2.82 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm195.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
10.6 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu227.00 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol22.54 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)38.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm567.00 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm310.00 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K12.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol301.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K56.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1