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Thorium Americium Comparison

Thorium
Americium
Americium Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Am   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440359   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1944   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
994.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,607.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Am   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
16   
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
95   
23
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
95   
23
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
148   
12
Number of Electrons
90   
28
95   
23
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
173.00 pm   
21
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
180.00 pm   
21
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
244.00 pm   
10
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
243.00 amu   
20
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Plutonium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Curium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
44.00 (-eV)   
40
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
346.81 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
12.00 g/cm3   
30
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
13.67   
15
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
Summary >>
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