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Americium vs Californium

Americium
Californium
Californium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Cf  
Group Number
10  
8
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
153  
10
Number of Electrons
95  
23
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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