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Americium vs Californium

Americium
Californium
Californium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am   
Cf   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440359   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1944   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
994.00 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Am   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
95   
23
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95   
23
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
148   
12
153   
9
Number of Electrons
95   
23
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm   
21
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm   
21
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm   
10
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu   
20
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)   
40
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3   
30
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67   
15
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
Not Available   
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