1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.4 Period Number
2.7 Block
2.8 Element Family
2.9 CAS Number
74403267440406
7429905
54386242
2.12 Space Group Name
2.13 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
3.3.3 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.6.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.3 Abundance In Meteorites
4.5.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
7.1.3 Abundance In Oceans
7.2.1 Abundance In Humans
8 Uses
8.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
8.1.2 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
8.1.3 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
8.1.4 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
8.2 Biological Properties
8.2.1 Toxicity
8.2.2 Present in Human Body
8.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
9.3.4 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
10 Physical
10.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C986.00 °C
27
3410
10.3 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,627.00 °C
147
5660
10.7 Appearance
10.7.1 Physical State
10.7.2 Color
10.7.3 Luster
10.8 Hardness
10.9.1 Mohs Hardness
11.1.3 Brinell Hardness
11.6.1 Vickers Hardness
13.3 Speed of Sound
14.5 Optical Properties
14.5.1 Refractive Index
14.10.1 Reflectivity
15.3 Allotropes
15.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
15.3.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
15.3.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
16 Chemical
16.1 Chemical Formula
16.2 Isotopes
16.2.1 Known Isotopes
16.9 Electronegativity
16.9.1 Pauling Electronegativity
16.12.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
17.4.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
17.5.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
17.8.1 Allen Electronegativity
18.2 Electropositivity
18.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
18.5 Ionization Energies
18.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol601.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
18.10.2 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,186.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
18.11.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,152.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
18.12.1 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol3,434.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
18.12.5 5th Energy Level
18.15.1 6th Energy Level
18.17.2 7th Energy level
18.17.6 8th Energy Level
18.19.2 9th Energy Level
19.2.2 10th Energy Level
19.2.5 11th Energy Level
19.3.2 12th Energy Level
19.6.1 13th Energy Level
19.6.4 14th Energy Level
19.7.3 15th Energy Level
19.8.2 16th Energy Level
20.1.2 17th Energy Level
20.2.3 18th Energy Level
1.1.2 19th Energy Level
1.3.1 20th Energy Level
1.4.4 21st Energy Level
1.5.1 22nd Energy Level
1.7.2 23rd Energy Level
1.8.1 24th Energy Level
2.1.1 25th Energy Level
2.3.2 26th Energy Level
2.7.2 27th Energy Level
2.7.5 28th Energy Level
2.8.1 29th Energy Level
2.9.2 30th Energy Level
2.11 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr3.07 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
2.14 Electron Work Function
2.16 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
4.4 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
4.5 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
4.5.1 Crystal Lattice
4.6 Atom
4.6.1 Number of Protons
5.3.1 Number of Neutrons
6.1.2 Number of Electrons
6.6 Radius of an Atom
6.6.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm170.00 pm
112
265
7.1.2 Covalent Radius
7.1.5 Van der Waals Radius
1.2 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu247.00 amu
6.94
294
3.2 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/molNA
1.39
71.07
1.5 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
1.5.1 Previous Element
1.5.2 Next Element
1.6 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)45.50 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.6 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm341.60 pm
228.58
891.25
2.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm314.78 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
4.4.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.6 Tensile Strength
1.3 Viscosity
2.2 Vapor Pressure
2.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.9 Elasticity properties
1.9.1 Shear Modulus
3.1.1 Bulk Modulus
5.4.3 Young's Modulus
6.4 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.2.4 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.2.5 Permeability
8.5.3 Susceptibility
9.3 Electrical Properties
9.3.1 Electrical Property
9.3.2 Resistivity
11.1.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
13.4.1 Electron Affinity
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
15.7 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·KNA
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K10.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.8 Thermal Expansion
17.13 Enthalpy
17.13.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
18.3.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
19.2.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
19.5 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1