Thorium Indium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
In
Group Number
0
18
13
5
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440746
17
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
194.00
5
139.00
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Discovery
In 1829
In 1863
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
3 * 10-8 %
28
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
156.61 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
2,000.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
8.80 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
1,215.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
In
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.78
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.14
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.49
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.76
10
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.66
18
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.22
38
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
558.30 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,820.70 kJ/mol
18
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,704.00 kJ/mol
39
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,210.00 kJ/mol
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.43 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
4.12 eV
24
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
49
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
49
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
66
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
49
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
167.00 pm
24
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
193.00 pm
31
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
114.82 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
15.70 cm3/mol
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
54.00 (-eV)
25
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
325.23 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
7.31 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
7.02 g/cm3
33
Tensile Strength
Not Available
2.50 MPa
21
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.01 (Pa)
11
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
Not Available
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
11.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
7.31
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
83.70 nΩ·m
34
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.12 106/cm Ω
17
Electron Affinity
Not Available
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.74 J/mol·K
25
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
81.80 W/m·K
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
32.10 µm/(m·K)
9
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
226.40 kJ/mol
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
3.28 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
242.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
57.80 J/mol.K
22
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