Indium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
In
Th
Group Number
13
5
0
18
Period Number
5
7
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
CAS Number
7440746
17
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
139.00
8
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1863
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %
28
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa
99+
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s
99+
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78
16
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14
8
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49
13
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76
10
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.66
18
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22
38
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol
18
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol
39
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol
17
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV
24
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
49
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
66
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
49
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm
24
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm
31
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol
33
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)
25
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3
33
Not Available
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa
21
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)
11
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa
99+
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.31
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m
34
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω
17
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
25
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K
21
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)
9
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol
40
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K
22
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
