Thorium vs Thallium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Tl
Group Number
0
18
13
5
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1829
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
26.50 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
81
35
Number of Neutrons
142
15
123
20
Number of Electrons
90
28
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
16.90 (Pa)
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
Not Available
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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