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Thorium vs Thallium

Thorium
Thallium
Thallium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Tl   
Group Number
0   
18
13   
5
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
123   
20
Number of Electrons
90   
28
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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