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Thallium vs Californium

Thallium
Californium
Californium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Cf   
Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
153   
9
Number of Electrons
81   
35
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
Not Available   
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