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Thallium vs Californium

Thallium
Californium
Californium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Cf  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
153  
10
Number of Electrons
81  
35
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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