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Californium vs Thallium

Californium
Thallium
Thallium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Tl   
Group Number
Not Available   
13   
5
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
123   
20
Number of Electrons
98   
20
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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