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Californium vs Thallium

Californium
Thallium
Thallium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
123  
21
Number of Electrons
98  
20
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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