Home
Compare Metals


Thallium Californium Comparison


Californium Thallium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Cf   

Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
7   

Block
p block   
f block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440713   
20

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   

Discovery
In 1861   
In 1950   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
36

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silver   

Luster
NA   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
3.00   
12

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Cf   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
20   
19

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.30   
32

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.20   
27

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.70   
22

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
98   
20

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
98   
20

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
153   
9

Number of Electrons
81   
35
98   
20

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
186.00 pm   
9

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
Not Available   

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
Not Available   

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
251.00 amu   
17

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Not Available   

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Berkelium
  

Next Element
Lead
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
44.50 (-eV)   
38

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
15.10 g/cm3   
21

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Malleable, Sectile   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
15.10   
13

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Not Available   

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Not Available   

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Not Available   

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Not Available   

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Not Available   

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
Not Available   

Summary >>
<< Thermal

Compare Post Transition Metals

Post-Transition Metals

Post-Transition Metals

» More Post-Transition Metals

Compare Post Transition Metals

» More Compare Post Transition Metals