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Indium vs Thorium

Indium
Thorium
Thorium vs Indium


Periodic Table
Symbol
In   
Th   
Group Number
13   
5
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440746   
17
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
139.00   
8
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1863   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %   
28
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78   
16
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14   
8
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49   
13
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76   
10
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.66   
18
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22   
38
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol   
18
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol   
39
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol   
17
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV   
24
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
49   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
66   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
49   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm   
24
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm   
31
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol   
33
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cadmium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Tin
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)   
25
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3   
33
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)   
11
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m   
34
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω   
17
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K   
21
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)   
9
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol   
40
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K   
22
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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