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Thorium vs Rubidium

Thorium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Rb   
Group Number
0   
18
1   
17
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Grayish White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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