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Rubidium vs Thorium

Rubidium
Thorium
Thorium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb   
Th   
Group Number
1   
17
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440177   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %   
17
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
19
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
7
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
688.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Grayish White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30   
24
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31   
32
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89   
40
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69   
24
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.71   
99+
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18   
3
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV   
99+
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
48   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
37   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm   
2
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm   
4
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm   
3
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm   
10
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K   
26
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K   
4
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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