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Rubidium Thorium Comparison

Rubidium
Thorium
Thorium Rubidium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Th  
Group Number
1  
17
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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