Thorium Rubidium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Rb
Group Number
0
18
1
17
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Actinide
Alkali
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1829
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Grayish White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
0.22 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
48
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
Not Available
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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