Symbol
Th
  
Sr
  
Period Number
7
  
5
  
Block
f block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Alkaline Earth
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
  
William Cruickshank
  
Discovery
In 1829
  
In 1787
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000005 %
  
15
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
33
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
  
19
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
  
29
140.00 p.p.m.
  
7
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
  
17
Boiling Point
1,384.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
  
36
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Th
  
Sr
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
549.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,064.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4,138.00 kJ/mol
  
10
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5,500.00 kJ/mol
  
13
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
6,910.00 kJ/mol
  
18
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
8,760.00 kJ/mol
  
18
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
10,230.00 kJ/mol
  
19
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
11,800.00 kJ/mol
  
19
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
15,600.00 kJ/mol
  
17
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
17,100.00 kJ/mol
  
19
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
31,270.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
  
24
1.64 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
  
[Kr] 5s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
33.70 cm3/mol
  
6
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
  
23
25.70 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
  
32
2.64 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
2.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
NA
  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
  
22
132.00 nΩ·m
  
24
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
31
0.08 106/cm Ω
  
26
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
5.03 kJ/mol
  
38
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
0.30 J/(kg K)
  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
  
30
26.40 J/mol·K
  
28
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
  
28
35.40 W/m·K
  
37
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
  
36
22.50 µm/(m·K)
  
18
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
9.16 kJ/mol
  
38
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
163.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+
55.00 J/mol.K
  
26