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Thorium vs Bohrium

Thorium
Bohrium
Bohrium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Bh  
Group Number
0  
18
7  
11
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
54037148  
12
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
276.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Bohrium metal is also known as Unnilseptium (Uns) and Nielsbohrium (Ns).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1981  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Currently known uses of Bohrium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
-  
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
270.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
2,700.00 MPa  
4
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.50  
36
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Bh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
5  
32
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.00  
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
742.90 kJ/mol  
23
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,688.50 kJ/mol  
31
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,566.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,598.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,727.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,991.70 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,226.80 kJ/mol  
34
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,200.00 kJ/mol  
25
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
82,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,200.00 kJ/mol  
17
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
82,000.00 kJ/mol  
14
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
71,100.00 kJ/mol  
20
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
31
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,200.00 kJ/mol  
20
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.80 kJ/mol  
28
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
21
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,200.00 kJ/mol  
11
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
16
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,200.00 kJ/mol  
8
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
12
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
10
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
10
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
9
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
15
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
14
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
820.00 kJ/mol  
10
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
107  
11
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
107  
11
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
155  
9
Number of Electrons
90  
28
107  
11
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
270.00 amu  
8
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Seaborgium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Hassium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
27.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
37.10 g/cm3  
3
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
37.10 g/cm3  
3
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
152.00 MPa  
24
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
28.00 GPa  
32
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
37.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
37.00  
5
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
6.50 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
37.10 J/mol·K  
2
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
37.00 W/m·K  
36
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.30 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
270.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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