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Thorium vs Molybdenum

Thorium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Mo   
Group Number
0   
18
6   
12
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.30   
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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