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Molybdenum vs Thorium

Molybdenum
Thorium
Thorium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo  
Th  
Group Number
6  
12
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439987  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1778  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C  
5
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C  
9
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa  
7
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa  
11
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s  
9
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
58.00 %  
25
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mo  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16  
6
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15  
34
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.16  
7
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.16  
3
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV  
17
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
42  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
54  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
42  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm  
34
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)  
13
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.03  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3  
39
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa  
15
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa  
8
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa  
6
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa  
6
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22  
40
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
29
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K  
12
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,896.00 K  
6
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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