Symbol
Th
  
Os
  
Period Number
7
  
6
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
- Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
- But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
  
Smithson Tennant
  
Discovery
In 1829
  
In 1803
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
  
25
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
- Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
33
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
  
29
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery Bluish-Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa
  
1
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
  
36
4,940.00 m/s
  
11
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Th
  
Os
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol
  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,309.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,600.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
  
24
1.77 g/amp-hr
  
38
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
8.49 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
  
23
91.40 (-eV)
  
12
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
1,000.00 MPa
  
4
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
31
0.11 106/cm Ω
  
18
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
106.10 kJ/mol
  
9
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
  
30
24.70 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
  
28
87.60 W/m·K
  
19
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
  
36
5.10 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
627.60 kJ/mol
  
7
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
29.30 kJ/mol
  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
669.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+
32.60 J/mol.K
  
99+