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Thorium vs Vanadium

Thorium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
V   
Group Number
0   
18
5   
13
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440622   
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
1 * 10-4 %   
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.00004 %   
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,890.00 °C   
13
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
3,380.00 °C   
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Blue-Silver Grey   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.70   
4
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
600.00 MPa   
20
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
628.00 MPa   
17
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
61.00 %   
14
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
V   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
22   
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.63   
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.39   
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.45   
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.37   
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
7th Energy level
Not Available   
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
23   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
23   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
23   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
153.00 pm   
33
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
50.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
120.00 (-eV)   
6
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
303.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
800.00 MPa   
6
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
47.00 GPa   
16
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
128.00 GPa   
15
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
5.96   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
30.70 W/m·K   
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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