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Vanadium vs Thorium

Vanadium
Thorium
Thorium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V   
Th   
Group Number
5   
13
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22   
17
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
23   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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