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Vanadium vs Thorium

Vanadium
Thorium
Thorium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Th  
Group Number
5  
13
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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