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Thorium vs Zirconium

Thorium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Zr   
Group Number
0   
18
4   
14
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440677   
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1789   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,852.00 °C   
15
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
4,377.00 °C   
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
638.00 MPa   
19
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
820.00 MPa   
15
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Zr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.33   
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.90   
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.22   
26
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.32   
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.67   
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.05 eV   
26
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
40   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
40   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
51   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
40   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
160.00 pm   
27
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
91.22 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
323.20 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
33.00 GPa   
20
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
91.10 GPa   
17
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
88.00 GPa   
22
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
6.51   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
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