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Zirconium vs Thorium

Zirconium
Thorium
Thorium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Th   
Group Number
4   
14
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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