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Thorium vs Scandium

Thorium
Scandium
Scandium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Sc  
Group Number
0  
18
3  
15
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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