Thorium Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Sc
Group Number
0
18
3
15
Period Number
7
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1829
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
24
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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