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Scandium vs Californium

Scandium
Californium
Californium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Cf  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
153  
10
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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