Californium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf
Sc
Group Number
Not Available
3
15
Period Number
7
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440713
20
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1950
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98
20
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
98
20
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
153
9
24
99+
Number of Electrons
98
20
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
Not Available
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu
17
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)
38
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3
21
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
Not Available
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
15.10
13
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Unknown
Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
