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Californium vs Scandium

Californium
Scandium
Scandium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Sc  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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